D monthly more than a one-year period. Scaptotrigona spp. propolis was collected in the northeastern area of Brazil, although the rest was collected in the southeastern region on the nation. Employing the 1,1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging process (DPPH), the composition of the samples plus the antioxidant activity was assayed and located to differ in accordance with the bee species, geographic area and month of collection. Recently, nine species of stingless bees had been recorded within the Mulawarman University Botanical Garden, Samarinda, Indonesia [Trigona apicalis (T. apicalis), Trigona drescheri, Trigona fuscibasis (T. fuscibasis), Trigona fuscobalteata ( T. fuscobalteata ) , Trigona incisa ( T. incisa ) , Trigona itama, Trigona laeviceps, Trigona melina and Trigona terminate][14]. Thirty nine plant species from 13 familiesPaula M. Kustiawan et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(7): 549-were reported to act as their pollen source, whilst 22 plant species from 17 households belonging to forest plants and crops were reported to act as their nectar source[14]. The solutions of those stingless bees had been honey (15.four ), beebread (20.9 ) and propolis (63.7 ). T he existence of stingless bees within the M ulawarman University Botanical Garden is likely to become significant with regards to the economics and ecology of the area, considering the fact that these bees are vital in pollination and may also make valuable bee solutions which can be harvested and applied in meals products. Having said that, no investigation on the bioactivities of products from stingless bees in this region has been reported, however it truly is most likely to become of interest given that the biological activities of propolis can differ significantly across distinctive phytogeographical regions, time periods [4], and within exactly the same region.3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-Butanoic acid custom synthesis In addition, the bioactivity of bee products from different races or species of bees may also be diverse.Buy1662706-59-3 For instance, the propolis of Apis mellifera caucasica, Apis mellifera anatolica and Apis mellifera carnica collected from the exact same apiary in East Anatolia contained distinctive chemical compositions and had distinct antimicrobial activities[15].PMID:23509865 Therefore, within this analysis, the in vitro cytotoxic activity with the propolis, bee pollen and honey from 4 stingless bees collected from within the identical location (Mulawarman University Botanical Garden, Samarinda, Indonesia) was evaluated. Crude methanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of those bee merchandise had been prepared and tested for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the sensitivity of those five cell lines to 4 pure compounds (apigenin, CAPE, kaempferol and naringenin) previously reported to become several of the major bioactive elements in a. mellifera propolis were evaluated in comparison with doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), two normal chemotherapeutic drugs. 2. Components and solutions two.1. Sample collectionPropolis, bee pollen and honey were each and every harvested from four stingless bee species [T. incisa, T. apicalis, T. fuscobalteata and Trigona fuscibisca (T. fuscibisca)] collected in Mulawarman University Botanical Garden, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia in February, 2013. All samples had been kept at -20 till made use of.2.2. Sample preparationPropolis was reduce into smaller pieces and ground. Bee pollen was collected by sifting using a sieve. Honey was filtered to eliminate the residual comb and solid matter, such as bee remains, and after that by a sifter with the honey liquid getting applied straight. The samples (Table 1 f.